Optical engineers often seek materials that maintain sharp focus and image quality, even when temperatures swing dramatically. The thermal properties quartz plate lenses optical stability offers set optical quartz plates apart in demanding environments. Quartz stands out because of several unique features:
Very low thermal expansion, which reduces risk of distortion or misalignment under temperature changes.
High temperature tolerance, allowing use in high-power and high-temperature systems.
Exceptional thermal stability, with resistance to thermal shock and color change even after rapid heating and cooling.
These qualities explain why optical designers trust quartz to deliver thermal stability when precision matters most.
Основные выводы
Optical quartz plates have very low thermal expansion, which helps them maintain focus even when temperatures change.
These plates can withstand high temperatures and rapid temperature changes without cracking, making them reliable for critical applications.
Using quartz lenses reduces the need for adjustments in focus, saving time and improving efficiency in high-temperature environments.
Quality standards ensure that quartz plates meet strict requirements for thermal stability, providing confidence in their performance.
Engineers can create clear specifications for quartz lens applications to ensure they meet the demands of advanced optical systems.
What Thermo-Optic Coefficient Performance of Quartz Plate Maintains Focal Length Stability Across Temperature Variations?
Optical quartz plates deliver reliable performance in environments with changing temperatures. Their thermal properties quartz plate lenses optical stability ensure that focal length remains steady, even when exposed to extreme conditions. This section explains how the thermo-optic coefficient and thermal expansion coefficient work together to maintain optical clarity and stability in high temperature applications.
Focal Length Temperature Dependence: dn/dT vs. Thermal Expansion Contributions
The thermo-optic coefficient of quartz, known as dn/dT, determines how much the refractive index changes with temperature. This property, combined with the thermal expansion coefficient, directly affects the focal length of optical quartz plates. Designers must understand these factors to ensure stable refractive index and minimal focus drift in applications in optics.
A quartz lens plate typically has a dn/dT of +1.0×10⁻⁵ K⁻¹ and a thermal expansion coefficient of 0.5×10⁻⁶ K⁻¹. When the temperature changes by 10°C, a 100mm focal length quartz lens shifts focus by only 23 μm. In comparison, a BK7 glass lens can shift by over 300 μm under the same conditions. This difference means optical quartz plates maintain focus much better, which is essential for high temperature resistance and thermal shock resistance in demanding environments.
Фактор | Значение кварца | Effect on Focal Length Stability |
|---|---|---|
Thermo-optic coefficient (dn/dT) | +1.0×10⁻⁵ K⁻¹ | Minimal refractive index change |
Коэффициент теплового расширения | 0.5×10⁻⁶ K⁻¹ | Very low dimensional change |
Focal shift per 10°C (100mm lens) | 23 μm | Maintains sharp focus |
BK7 focal shift per 10°C | 380 μm | Requires compensation |
This table highlights how the thermal properties quartz plate lenses optical stability outperform other materials, making them ideal for precision optical systems.
Athermal Lens Design: Single-Material Quartz vs. Multi-Material Glass Solutions
Athermal lens design aims to keep the focal length constant as temperature changes. Engineers can achieve this by using single-material optical quartz plates or by combining multiple types of glass with different thermal properties. Single-material quartz designs offer simplicity and superior stability, while multi-material glass solutions require careful balancing of thermal expansion and refractive index changes.
Single-material quartz lenses maintain focus within ±60 μm across a -40°C to +70°C range, which is well within the depth-of-field for most imaging systems. Multi-material glass designs, such as those using BK7 and SF11, need precise element spacing and complex assembly to achieve similar results. This increases manufacturing complexity and cost, especially for high temperature applications.
Ключевые моменты:
Single-material optical quartz plates provide unmatched thermal stability.
Multi-material glass solutions require tight tolerances and complex assembly.
Quartz lenses reduce the need for active focus adjustment in high temperature environments.
These advantages make optical quartz plates the preferred choice for applications in optics where thermal performance and optical clarity are critical.
Measurement Standards: Thermo-Optic Coefficient Testing per ISO 7991
Engineers rely on international standards to verify the thermal performance of optical quartz plates. ISO 7991 specifies methods for measuring the thermo-optic coefficient and thermal expansion coefficient, ensuring consistent and reliable results. MIL-STD-810 testing further validates performance under real-world temperature cycling.
Manufacturers test quartz lens plates by measuring focal length and optical clarity before and after thermal cycling. For example, TOQUARTZ tested over 680 lens assemblies using MIL-STD-810 Method 503, cycling from -55°C to +85°C. These tests showed that optical quartz plates maintained on-axis MTF above 0.6 at 40 lp/mm without refocusing, while multi-material glass designs required precise spacing adjustments to achieve similar performance.
Стандарт | Назначение | Result for Quartz Lens Plates |
|---|---|---|
ISO 7991 | Measures dn/dT and thermal expansion | Confirms low thermal drift |
MIL-STD-810 | Validates performance under temperature cycling | Demonstrates long-term stability |
TOQUARTZ Testing | Real-world assembly validation | Сохраняет оптические характеристики |
These standards and test results confirm that optical quartz plates deliver reliable thermal stability and optical performance in high temperature applications.
What Thermal Expansion Performance of Quartz Plate Maintains Optical Alignment in Lens Mounting Systems?
Optical alignment in lens mounting systems depends on how materials expand or contract with temperature changes. Quartz plates offer unique advantages due to their low thermal expansion coefficient. This section explores how these properties help maintain stability and optical clarity in demanding environments.
Differential Thermal Expansion Calculations: Quartz Lens in Metal Housing
Engineers must consider how different materials expand at different rates when designing lens mounts. Quartz glass has a thermal expansion coefficient of 0.55 × 10^-6/°C, which is much lower than metals like aluminum or steel. This difference can cause changes in lens position and alignment during temperature shifts.
A typical metal housing, such as aluminum, expands 20 to 24 millionths per degree Celsius, while quartz expands only 0.55 millionths per degree Celsius. When a 50 mm diameter optical quartz plate is mounted in an aluminum housing and the temperature rises by 100°C, the aluminum expands by about 115 μm, but the quartz expands by less than 3 μm. This mismatch can lead to decentration or tilt if not managed properly. Designers use finite element analysis (FEA) to predict these effects and ensure the lens remains centered and stable.
Материал | Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (10^-6/°C) | Effect on Alignment |
|---|---|---|
Quartz Glasses | 0.55 | Minimal expansion |
Aluminum Alloys | 20–24 | Significant expansion |
Plain Carbon Steel | ~10 | Moderate expansion |
Главный вывод: Large differences in thermal expansion between quartz and metal housings require careful design to maintain optical alignment.
Mounting Clearance Design for Temperature-Stable Optical Alignment
Proper mounting clearance allows optical quartz plates to expand and contract without stress or misalignment. Engineers calculate the required clearance by considering the maximum expected temperature change and the thermal expansion coefficients of both the lens and the housing. This approach prevents mechanical stress and preserves optical clarity.
For example, a 100 mm diameter quartz lens in an aluminum housing across a 100°C range needs at least 150–200 μm of radial clearance. This clearance ensures the lens does not become pinched or loose as temperatures fluctuate. Spring-loaded retainers or compliant mounts, such as elastomeric O-rings, help maintain centering accuracy within 15 μm, even during rapid temperature changes. These mounting strategies also improve thermal shock resistance and high temperature resistance, which are critical for high temperature applications and applications in optics.
Summary of Best Practices:
Calculate clearance based on maximum temperature range and material properties.
Use compliant mounts to absorb differential expansion.
Maintain centering accuracy to preserve optical performance.
Design for thermal shock resistance in demanding environments.
These methods ensure that optical quartz plates deliver reliable thermal performance and stability in both industrial and scientific settings.
Element Spacing Variation Impact on Imaging Performance Across Temperature
Element spacing in lens assemblies affects imaging quality, especially as temperatures change. Even small shifts in spacing can impact focus and image sharpness. Quartz’s low thermal expansion coefficient helps maintain consistent element spacing, which supports stable imaging performance.
A 200 mm optical path using optical quartz plates changes by only 10 μm over a 100°C temperature swing, while a similar path with standard glass can change by up to 140 μm. This difference means systems using quartz maintain diffraction-limited performance, with Strehl ratios above 0.8, even in harsh environments. High-power laser and aerospace systems benefit from this stability, as they often operate under extreme temperature conditions.
Параметр | Кварцевые пластины | Стандартное стекло | Imaging Impact |
|---|---|---|---|
Spacing change (200 mm) | 10 μm | 140 μm | Minimal for quartz, significant for glass |
Strehl ratio (after temp) | >0.8 | <0.7 | Quartz maintains clarity |
This data shows that optical quartz plates provide superior stability and optical clarity, making them ideal for high temperature resistance and demanding applications in optics.
What Thermal Stress Performance Prevents Optical Figure Distortion in Mounted Lenses?
Thermal stress can distort the surface of optical quartz plates, reducing optical clarity and performance. Engineers must understand how mounting stress, temperature changes, and material properties interact to maintain stability in high temperature applications. This section explains how the right design and validation methods ensure that optical quartz plates deliver reliable thermal properties quartz plate lenses optical stability in demanding environments.
Photoelastic Effect: How Mounting Stress Creates Wavefront Distortion
Mounting stress can cause elastic deformation in optical quartz plates, leading to wavefront distortion and reduced imaging quality. When a lens is rigidly clamped, thermal expansion differences between the lens and its mount create internal stresses. These stresses change the refractive index locally, a phenomenon known as the photoelastic effect, which can degrade optical clarity and focus.
Quartz offers significant advantages due to its ultra-low thermal expansion coefficient of 5.5×10⁻⁷/°C and high softening point, allowing it to resist deformation even under extreme heat. For example, quartz maintains more than 90% transmission and a stable refractive index at temperatures where other materials would fail. Its thermal shock resistance enables it to withstand temperature differentials exceeding 1000°C without catastrophic failure, making it ideal for high temperature resistance and applications in optics.
Атрибут | Ключевое преимущество |
|---|---|
Коэффициент теплового расширения | Minimal distortion under heat due to ultra-low value |
Точка размягчения | Operates up to 1200°C without deformation |
Оптические свойства | >90% transmission, stable refractive index |
Устойчивость к тепловому удару | Survives >1000°C differentials |
Compliant Mounting Design Methods for Stress-Free Thermal Expansion
Compliant mounting methods help optical quartz plates expand and contract freely, preventing stress buildup and preserving optical performance. Engineers often use flexible thermo-set adhesives, which provide maximum flexibility for high CTE substrates and accommodate thermal expansion. Matched seals, such as those made from Kovar pin, Corning 7052 glass, and Kovar housing, further reduce residual thermal stress during assembly cooling.
A matched seal approach mitigates thermal stress that can occur during the solidification and cooling phases of the assembly. Flexible adhesives absorb movement and reduce the risk of micro-cracks or figure distortion, especially in high temperature applications. These methods ensure that optical quartz plates maintain stability and optical clarity even after repeated thermal cycling.
Ключевые моменты:
Flexible adhesives allow for stress-free expansion and contraction.
Matched seals minimize residual thermal stress during assembly.
Compliant mounting preserves optical clarity and stability in high temperature environments.
These strategies support the long-term thermal performance of optical quartz plates in demanding applications in optics.
FEA Validation of Thermal Stress in Lens Mounting Configurations
Finite Element Analysis (FEA) helps engineers predict and minimize thermal stress in lens mounting configurations. By matching the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the lens and mount materials, designers can reduce thermo-elastic loads and prevent stress-induced distortion. FEA also highlights challenges with adhesive pads, which often have higher CTEs and can introduce peak stresses if not properly sized.
Designers use FEA to determine the optimal size and placement of adhesive pads, ensuring that dynamic loads during launch or operation do not exceed safe limits. This data-driven approach allows for precise control over stress distribution, supporting the high temperature resistance and thermal shock resistance required for optical quartz plates. FEA validation ensures that lens assemblies meet international standards such as MIL-STD-810, IEC 60068, and ISO 9022-2 for thermal performance.
Аспект | Подробности |
|---|---|
CTE Matching | Reduces thermo-elastic loads by aligning lens and mount expansion rates |
Adhesive Challenges | High CTE adhesives can cause peak stresses if not minimized |
Design Considerations | Pad size and placement determined by dynamic load and FEA results |
These best practices ensure that optical quartz plates deliver reliable performance and stability in high temperature applications.
What Temperature Uniformity Performance of Quartz Plate Prevents Gradient-Induced Aberrations in Imaging Lenses?
Temperature uniformity plays a crucial role in maintaining the optical clarity and stability of imaging systems. Optical quartz plates excel in preventing gradient-induced aberrations, especially in high temperature applications. Engineers rely on these properties to ensure consistent performance in applications in optics where precision matters.
Thermal Lensing Calculations: Index Gradient Effects on Wavefront Quality
Thermal lensing occurs when temperature gradients create refractive index changes within optical quartz plates. These gradients cause the light passing through the lens to bend unevenly, leading to wavefront distortion and reduced image quality. High-power laser systems often experience this effect, making accurate calculations essential for reliable performance.
Сайт wavefront distortion can be described quantitatively by the optical path change (OPC) in the unit of nanometer. Therefore, detection of the thermal lens strength (TLS) given by the magnitude of the OPC is of great interest in evaluating the performance of optical elements under high-power laser irradiation and in designing laser devices. The thermal lens can be considered as a phase object φ(x, y, t) caused by wavefront distortion, which mainly results from three contributions including the radial refractive index gradient dependent on the temperature rise, the thermally induced mechanical stress, and the thermoelastic deformation of the two end surfaces.
Engineers use these calculations to predict and minimize aberrations in optical quartz plates. By understanding the relationship between temperature gradients and wavefront quality, they can design systems that maintain high optical clarity and stability.
Ключевые моменты:
Wavefront distortion results from temperature-induced index gradients.
OPC measurements help quantify thermal lensing strength.
Accurate modeling ensures reliable performance in high temperature applications.
Thermal Conductivity and Diffusivity: Heat Distribution in Quartz Lenses
Thermal conductivity and diffusivity determine how quickly heat spreads through optical quartz plates. High thermal conductivity allows the lens to reach temperature equilibrium faster, reducing the risk of localized heating and associated aberrations. Quartz’s properties support excellent thermal performance in demanding environments.
Недвижимость | Значение |
|---|---|
0.84 | |
Density (kg/m³) | 1.92 |
Specific Heat Capacity (J/(kg·K)) | 1100 |
Излучательная способность | 0.75 |
Initial Temperature (K) | 292.15 |
Quartz’s moderate thermal conductivity and high specific heat capacity help distribute heat evenly, which is vital for high temperature resistance and thermal shock resistance. This uniform heat distribution prevents hot spots that could degrade optical clarity or cause instability in imaging systems.
The table above highlights how these properties contribute to the overall stability of optical quartz plates. Consistent heat distribution ensures that imaging performance remains reliable, even in high temperature applications.
Active Cooling Design for High-Power Laser Lens Assemblies
Active cooling systems play a vital role in maintaining temperature uniformity in optical quartz plates used in high-power laser assemblies. Engineers often implement forced air convection or conductive cooling to remove excess heat and prevent thermal gradients. These strategies help preserve the optical clarity and stability required for precision imaging.
Designers select cooling methods based on the power levels and operational environment. Forced air cooling can quickly equalize temperatures across the lens surface, while conductive cooling with copper heat spreaders enhances heat transfer away from critical optical elements. These approaches ensure that optical quartz plates maintain their performance in high temperature applications.
Ключевые моменты:
Active cooling prevents thermal gradients and associated aberrations.
Forced air and conductive cooling are common solutions.
Proper cooling design supports long-term thermal performance and reliability.
Engineers trust these methods to protect optical quartz plates in applications in optics where stability and high temperature resistance are essential.
What Thermal Cycling Durability Performance of Quartz Plate Ensures Long-Term Optical Stability?
Optical quartz plates must endure repeated temperature swings without losing performance. Engineers test these materials to ensure they maintain optical clarity and stability in high temperature applications. Reliable thermal cycling durability is essential for long-term use in demanding environments.
Thermal Cycling Test Protocols per MIL-STD-810 and IEC 60068
Thermal cycling tests help engineers evaluate how optical quartz plates respond to rapid temperature changes. These protocols, such as MIL-STD-810H and IEC 60068, simulate real-world conditions by exposing materials to sudden shifts in temperature. The tests reveal whether the plates can maintain their shape and optical clarity after repeated cycles.
Test protocols include rapid air temperature changes greater than 10°C per minute and sudden transitions between hot and cold environments. For example, MIL-STD-810H Test Method 503.7 checks if optical quartz plates withstand these shocks without cracking or losing performance. Temperature shock testing is crucial for applications in optics that demand high temperature resistance and thermal shock resistance.
Protocol | Описание |
|---|---|
MIL-STD-810H | Rapid change in air temperature greater than 10°C per minute |
Test Method 503.7 | Evaluates if materials withstand sudden temperature changes without damage |
Key information: These tests ensure optical quartz plates deliver reliable thermal performance and long-term stability in high temperature applications.
Fatigue Failure Mechanisms in Thermally-Cycled Lens Mounting Systems
Repeated thermal cycling can cause fatigue in lens mounting systems. Engineers observe that mechanical stress builds up at the interface between the optical quartz plates and their mounts. Over time, this stress may lead to micro-cracks or slight shifts in alignment, which can affect optical clarity.
The molecular structure of SiO₂ in optical quartz plates provides exceptional durability and resistance to degradation. Low thermal expansion ensures precise shape and alignment, even after thousands of cycles. High thermal stability allows these plates to resist deformation, which is crucial for maintaining performance in high temperature applications.
Ключевые моменты:
Fused quartz maintains optical clarity and structural integrity under extreme thermal cycling.
Low thermal expansion reduces risk of fatigue-related misalignment.
Superior durability supports long-term use in demanding environments.
These properties make optical quartz plates a preferred choice for systems that require consistent performance and stability.
Accelerated Life Testing: Correlation to Field Service Life
Accelerated life testing predicts how optical quartz plates will perform over many years. Engineers use these tests to simulate decades of thermal cycling in a short period. The results help them estimate the service life and reliability of the plates in real-world conditions.
Data shows that properly mounted optical quartz plates withstand more than 10,000 thermal cycles without loss of optical clarity or dimensional stability. High temperature resistance and thermal shock resistance ensure that the plates remain reliable in harsh environments. This durability supports critical applications in optics, such as infrared systems and high-power lasers.
Тип испытания | Result for Optical Quartz Plates |
|---|---|
Accelerated Life Testing | Withstand >10,000 cycles, no degradation |
Field Service Correlation | Predicts 15–20 years of stable operation |
These results confirm that optical quartz plates deliver outstanding long-term thermal performance and stability.
What Quality Standards Validate Thermal Performance of Quartz Lens Assemblies?
Quality standards play a vital role in confirming the reliability of optical quartz plates in demanding environments. These standards ensure that every lens assembly meets strict requirements for thermal stability and optical clarity. Engineers use a combination of international protocols and advanced testing methods to validate performance across a wide temperature range.
Multi-Standard Thermal Testing Approach for Optical Assemblies
Manufacturers use a multi-standard approach to test optical quartz plates under various thermal conditions. They often combine protocols such as MIL-STD-810 for thermal cycling, ISO 7991 for thermal expansion, and ISO 9022-2 for environmental durability. This approach ensures that each lens assembly can withstand both rapid temperature changes and long-term exposure to extreme environments.
Testing begins with pre-test optical measurements, followed by controlled thermal cycling and post-test evaluations. Engineers monitor changes in modulation transfer function (MTF), wavefront error, and focal length to detect any performance drift. These results help identify potential weaknesses in the assembly before field deployment.
Ключевые моменты:
Multiple standards provide comprehensive validation for optical quartz plates.
Thermal cycling and environmental tests simulate real-world conditions.
Performance metrics like MTF and wavefront error guide design improvements.
This thorough process gives manufacturers confidence that optical quartz plates will perform reliably in critical applications.
Performance Characterization Methods Across Temperature Range
Engineers use precise methods to characterize the performance of optical quartz plates as temperatures change. One common technique involves measuring resonance frequency shifts in Fabry–Perot cavities made from Type-I fused quartz glass. These cavities are suspended in vacuum chambers and submerged in stirred water baths to maintain stable temperatures, while thermistors provide accurate temperature readings.
This setup allows for detailed tracking of how optical properties respond to temperature variations. By analyzing the resonance frequency data, engineers can detect even minor changes in refractive index or physical dimensions. These measurements help ensure that optical quartz plates maintain their clarity and alignment throughout their operational range.
Метод | Назначение | Key Information |
|---|---|---|
Fabry–Perot cavity resonance | Tracks refractive index changes | Detects small performance shifts |
Vacuum chamber suspension | Isolates from external influences | Ensures accurate results |
Thermistor temperature control | Maintains precise thermal environment | Enables reliable characterization |
These advanced methods provide valuable data, supporting the long-term reliability of optical quartz plates in temperature-sensitive applications.
Design Validation Testing (DVT) Protocols for Thermal Qualification
Design validation testing (DVT) protocols confirm that optical quartz plates meet all thermal performance requirements before mass production. Engineers select representative lens assemblies and subject them to rigorous thermal cycling, high-temperature exposure, and environmental stress tests. They compare pre- and post-test optical measurements to verify that the assemblies maintain their specified performance.
DVT protocols often include accelerated life testing, where assemblies undergo thousands of thermal cycles to simulate years of service. Failure analysis follows any detected performance loss, helping engineers refine mounting designs or material choices. This process reduces the risk of field failures and ensures consistent quality for end users.
Summary of DVT Protocols:
Representative sampling ensures real-world reliability.
Accelerated cycling predicts long-term performance.
Анализ отказов drives continuous improvement.
Through these protocols, manufacturers demonstrate that optical quartz plates deliver stable optical performance and meet the highest industry standards.
How Should Optical Designers Specify Thermal Performance Requirements for Quartz Lens Applications?
Optical designers need clear guidelines to ensure stable performance when using optical quartz plates. Well-defined thermal specifications help manufacturers deliver reliable results across a wide range of environments. This section explains how to create effective requirements for lens design reviews.
Creating Thermal Performance Specifications for Lens Design Reviews
Designers start by listing the operational and survival temperature ranges for their systems. They specify the maximum allowable focal length change, imaging performance targets, and the number of thermal cycles the optical quartz plates must withstand. These requirements set the foundation for consistent performance in real-world conditions.
Engineers often include data-driven limits, such as ±0.1% maximum focal length shift or maintaining modulation transfer function (MTF) above 0.6 at temperature extremes. For example, a surveillance camera using optical quartz plates may require less than 20 μm dimensional change after 1,000 thermal cycles between -40°C and +85°C. Designers also request test results, including focal length versus temperature curves, MTF measurements, and finite element analysis (FEA) reports showing stress and temperature gradients. These data points help verify that the optical quartz plates meet all performance goals.
A clear specification document improves communication between designers and manufacturers. It reduces the risk of errors and ensures that optical quartz plates deliver stable imaging in aerospace, industrial, and scientific applications.
Key points for specification:
Define temperature ranges and performance limits
Request supporting test data and FEA results
Set clear imaging and durability targets
By following these steps, designers can confidently select optical quartz plates that meet demanding thermal requirements and ensure long-term reliability.
Optical quartz plates deliver stable optical performance because of their unique thermal properties. These plates show minimal dimensional change, even when temperatures shift rapidly. Many engineers choose optical quartz plates for critical systems that demand long-term reliability and minimal optical drift.
Optical quartz plates have a low coefficient of thermal expansion, which helps prevent warping.
These plates withstand rapid temperature changes without cracking.
High-temperature resistance keeps optical quartz plates clear and stable in extreme conditions.
Engineers can use quality standards and clear specifications to select optical quartz plates that meet the needs of advanced optical systems.
ЧАСТО ЗАДАВАЕМЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ
Why do optical quartz plates maintain focus better than standard glass in temperature changes?
Quartz plates have a much lower thermal expansion coefficient and a stable refractive index. This combination limits focal shift to just 23 μm per 10°C, while standard glass can shift over 300 μm.
Why should engineers choose quartz for high-power laser or aerospace optics?
Quartz resists thermal shock and maintains optical clarity even after thousands of thermal cycles. Its low expansion and high durability ensure stable imaging in demanding environments, making it ideal for critical applications.
Why is mounting design important for thermal stability in quartz lens assemblies?
Proper mounting prevents stress and distortion during temperature swings. Engineers use compliant mounts and calculated clearances to keep quartz lenses centered and free from wavefront errors, preserving image quality.
Why do quality standards matter for thermal performance in optical quartz plates?
Quality standards like ISO 7991 and MIL-STD-810 verify that quartz plates meet strict requirements for thermal stability. These tests ensure reliable performance and help engineers select the right material for their application.
Why does temperature uniformity matter in imaging systems using quartz lenses?
Temperature gradients can cause refractive index changes, leading to image distortion. Quartz’s thermal conductivity and active cooling methods help maintain uniform temperature, which keeps imaging performance stable.
