{"id":11217,"date":"2026-05-04T02:00:21","date_gmt":"2026-05-03T18:00:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/?p=11217"},"modified":"2026-02-25T17:27:28","modified_gmt":"2026-02-25T09:27:28","slug":"quartz-rod-maximum-operating-temperature-1100c-vs-1650c","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/ru\/quartz-rod-maximum-operating-temperature-1100c-vs-1650c\/","title":{"rendered":"\u041a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044c \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430: 1100\u00b0C \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 1650\u00b0C"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u041a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u044f \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0448\u0443\u043c\u043d\u043e - \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430. \u0417\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0443\u044e \u0434\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u0434\u043e \u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430.<\/p>\n<p>\u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0430, \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0440\u044b\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b 1100\u00b0C \u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043a 1650\u00b0C, \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u0432\u044b\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043c, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445.<\/p>\n<p>\u0422\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0439 - \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u044b, \u0432\u0437\u044f\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u0430\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0438\u043e\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0434\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0445, \u0437\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e \u0440\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f. \u041a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b, \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435, \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b, \u0438 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/High-Temperature-Quartz-Rod-for-Semiconductor-Diffusion-Furnace-Applications.webp\" alt=\"High-Temperature Quartz Rod for Semiconductor Diffusion Furnace Applications\" title=\"High-Temperature Quartz Rod for Semiconductor Diffusion Furnace Applications\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>\u041a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b 1650\u00b0C<\/h2>\n<p>\u0422\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0430 - \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 - \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0411\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0432\u0443\u043c\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445.<\/p>\n<h3>\u041f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0440\u044b\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f 1100\u00b0C \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/h3>\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/ru\/quartz-rod\/\">\u0421\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0430<\/a> \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0440\u044b\u0432\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u0434\u043e 1100\u00b0C.<\/strong> \u042d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043a \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0430 \u043a\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043f\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0443\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0443 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0445, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0430\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043d\u0435\u0437\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438, \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 - \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439.<\/p>\n<p>\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0446\u044b, \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 1050\u00b0C \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 200 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0432 \u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a <strong>\u041e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0446\u044b, \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438 1150\u00b0C \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u043a\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438, \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0445.<\/strong> \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0437\u043a\u0438\u043c; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u0440\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0443\u0441\u0430, \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 1100\u00b0C \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043a, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430.<\/p>\n<p>\u041f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433 1100\u00b0C \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u044f\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c-\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0430, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u044f\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e 10\u00b9\u2070-\u2075 \u041f\u0430-\u0441 - \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438.<\/p>\n<h3>\u041a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043a 1650\u00b0C \u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044b, \u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0438\u043c<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u041f\u0440\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e 1650\u00b0C \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0446 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u044f\u0433\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/strong>\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u044f\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e 10\u2077-\u2076 \u041f\u0430-\u0441. \u041d\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u0432\u044f\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043e\u0449\u0443\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0442 1600\u00b0C \u0434\u043e 1650\u00b0C \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b, \u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438.<\/p>\n<p>\u0422\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u044f\u0433\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0438\u043e\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0434\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0442 1665\u00b0C \u0434\u043e 1683\u00b0C \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u0438\u0434\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0439. <strong>\u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c OH (\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 1000 ppm) \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u044f\u0433\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0447\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0445<\/strong> \u0438\u0437-\u0437\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430\u044d\u0434\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0430\u0441 SiO\u2082. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0430\u043a\u0443\u0443\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u0443\u044e \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0422\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u041a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u043a \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u0443 1650\u00b0C \u0443\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u0443\u043c\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0445\u0443\u0434\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u0432\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c.<\/p>\n<h3>\u041f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0440\u044b\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044b \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b \u0434\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f 1100\u00b0C \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f 1650\u00b0C \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430<\/strong>\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0448\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0435 - \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u041d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0440\u044b\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 - \u043a\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u0434\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0432\u044f\u0437\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0445\u0443\u0434\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b - \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u044f\u0433\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438.<\/p>\n<p>\u041d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435, <strong>\u041a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044c, \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 1080\u00b0C \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0440\u044b\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 500 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043f\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0442\u043e\u0442, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044e \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b 1600\u00b0C \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 30 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043d\u0434<\/strong>\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0443, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0418\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u044b, \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0446 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0438\u043b\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0443\u044e \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0443 \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0422\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044b \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043d\u044f \u0441 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u0430<\/h4>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u041f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440<\/th>\n<th>\u0417\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/th>\n<th>\u0421\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0422\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0440\u044b\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 (\u00b0C)<\/td>\n<td>1100<\/td>\n<td>\u0423\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430, \u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u041a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 (\u00b0C)<\/td>\n<td>1650<\/td>\n<td>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435, \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0422\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u044f\u0433\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f (\u00b0C)<\/td>\n<td>1665-1683<\/td>\n<td>\u0412 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0420\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0430\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430 - \u0432\u044f\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c 10\u00b3 \u041f\u0430-\u0441 (\u00b0C)<\/td>\n<td>~2000<\/td>\n<td>\u0422\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043a\u043b\u0430<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0422\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0436\u0438\u0433\u0430 - \u0432\u044f\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c 10\u00b9\u00b3 \u041f\u0430-\u0441 (\u00b0C)<\/td>\n<td>~1140<\/td>\n<td>\u0421\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0422\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 - \u0432\u044f\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c 10\u00b9\u2074-\u2075 \u041f\u0430-\u0441 (\u00b0C)<\/td>\n<td>~1070<\/td>\n<td>\u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u0422\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043d\u044e \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/h2>\n<p>\u0422\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0430, \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0430\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0438\u043e\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0434\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u0433\u043d\u0435\u0443\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043a \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u0430\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432. \u042d\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u043c\u0438 - \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442, \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432, \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u044b \u043a \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043a\u043b\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043a.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0410\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 SiO\u2082 \u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u041f\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0446 - \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u0443\u0433\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/figure\/A-SiO-4-tetrahedral-structure-and-potential-vibration-modes-within-the-Si-O-Si-bonds_fig1_385141442\">\u0422\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430\u044d\u0434\u0440\u044b SiO\u2084<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:1\"><a href=\"#fn:1\" class=\"footnote-ref\">1<\/a><\/sup> \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0440\u044b\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438.<\/strong> \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0443\u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0430, \u0438 \u044d\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0443\u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u041d\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446 \u0437\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d, \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0430\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0446 \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0438\u043c\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0438\u043d \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0443\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0445.<\/p>\n<p>\u042d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 Si-O \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e 444 \u043a\u0414\u0436\/\u043c\u043e\u043b\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u043e\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c. <strong>\u0422\u0430\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435 1700\u00b0C<\/strong>\u0411\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0446 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432. \u041a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 - \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e-\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043b - \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0449\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0447\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0445.<\/p>\n<p>\u042d\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442 - \u0444\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434, \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0423\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u041a\u043e\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f (CTE) \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e 0,55 \u00d7 10-\u2076\/\u00b0C.<\/strong>\u043f\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441 3,3 \u00d7 10-\u2076\/\u00b0C \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043a\u043b\u0430 \u0438 8-12 \u00d7 10-\u2076\/\u00b0C \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043a. \u0418\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c CTE \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0446 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c, \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u043c\u044b\u043c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044b\u0432, \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u044f \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, CTE \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432.<\/p>\n<p>\u041a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0447\u044c \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0439 1000\u00b0C, \u0434\u0438\u0444\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0446\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043c\u0430\u043b\u044b\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0446\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e <strong>50-65 \u041c\u041f\u0430<\/strong>. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0436\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u043b\u044e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044c, \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 CTE \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e 8 \u00d7 10-\u2076\/\u00b0C, \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435 \u0438 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e.<\/p>\n<p>\u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0443 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0438\u043c\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0432 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0445, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043f\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0438\u043d\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0432\u044f\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0422\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u044f\u0433\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f - \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u044b<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u041f\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0446 \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430<\/strong>\u041f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0444\u0430\u0437\u0443. \u0422\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \"\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\" - \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e 1710\u00b0C - \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u044f\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0438\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b \u043c\u043e\u0433 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0432\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043c. \u0422\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u044f\u0433\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e 1665\u00b0C, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445.<\/p>\n<p>\u041d\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u044f\u0433\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, <strong>\u041f\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0446 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u044f\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0435 \u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u043e\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u043e, \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b.<\/strong> \u0412 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0442 1100\u00b0C \u0434\u043e 1300\u00b0C \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d \u0447\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435 1300\u00b0C \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u043a\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0435.<\/p>\n<p>\u041f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0443, \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0443\u044e\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043b\u044e\u0431\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \"\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\" 1710\u00b0C \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445 - \u0437\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0438\u0444\u0444\u0443\u0437\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0422\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438<\/h4>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u041d\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/th>\n<th>\u041f\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0446<\/th>\n<th>\u0411\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043a\u043b\u043e<\/th>\n<th>\u0413\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0437\u0435\u043c (99%)<\/th>\n<th>\u041f\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u043e\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0434 \u043a\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043d\u0438\u044f (\u0423\u0424-\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>CTE (10-\u2076\/\u00b0C)<\/td>\n<td>0.55<\/td>\n<td>3.3<\/td>\n<td>8.1<\/td>\n<td>0.55<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0422\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u044f\u0433\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f (\u00b0C)<\/td>\n<td>1665<\/td>\n<td>820<\/td>\n<td>N\/A (\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439)<\/td>\n<td>1670<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0422\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0440\u044b\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f (\u00b0C)<\/td>\n<td>1100<\/td>\n<td>500<\/td>\n<td>1700<\/td>\n<td>1100<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0422\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c (\u0412\u0442\/\u043c-\u041a)<\/td>\n<td>1.38<\/td>\n<td>1.14<\/td>\n<td>30<\/td>\n<td>1.38<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044b\u0432 (\u041c\u041f\u0430)<\/td>\n<td>50-65<\/td>\n<td>40-60<\/td>\n<td>150-200<\/td>\n<td>50-65<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0423\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0443<\/td>\n<td>\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e<\/td>\n<td>\u0423\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439<\/td>\n<td>\u041f\u043b\u043e\u0445\u043e-\u0443\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e<\/td>\n<td>\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<hr \/>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Incandescent-Quartz-Rod-for-Laboratory-High-Temperature-Thermal-Testing.webp\" alt=\"Incandescent Quartz Rod for Laboratory High-Temperature Thermal Testing\" title=\"Incandescent Quartz Rod for Laboratory High-Temperature Thermal Testing\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>\u0414\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043d\u044f\u0445, \u0432\u044b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043c<\/h2>\n<p>\u0414\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432, \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441 \u0434\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0430 1100\u00b0C. \u0412 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u043e, \u0434\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f - \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u0434\u043e \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0438.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0421\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u0414\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f - \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0438\u043e\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0434\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442 (\u03b2-SiO\u2082).<\/strong>\u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0438\u043c\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0430. \u041d\u0430 \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0443 \u0442\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430\u044d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432 SiO\u2084 \u0438\u0437 \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0443\u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u0443\u0431\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u03b2-\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430.<\/p>\n<p>\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0430. <strong>\u0421\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0443\u043a\u043b\u0435\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0443\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u043e\u0442 1200\u00b0C \u0434\u043e 1250\u00b0C.<\/strong>\u0430 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0443\u043c\u0430 \u0432\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438 1450\u00b0C. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 1100-1300\u00b0C \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f - \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044f\u0434\u0435\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0438\u043c \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044b.<\/p>\n<p>\u041e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0430. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0430 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u044f\u0433\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0430\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0422\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f, \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u0414\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043d\u044f\u0445 \u0438\u0437 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f, \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438.<\/strong> \u041f\u0440\u0438 1150\u00b0C \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0445, \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u044f\u0437\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 100 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432. \u041f\u0440\u0438 1200\u00b0C \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 20-40 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432. \u041f\u0440\u0438 1300\u00b0C \u0434\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 5-10 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0440\u044b\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f.<\/p>\n<p>\u042d\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043c, \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0438\u043c \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u044f\u0437\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0433\u0438\u0434\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f. <strong>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0449\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043b\u043e\u0432 - \u0432\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e 1 ppm \u043d\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u044f - \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043a<\/strong> \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u0438\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0449\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0447\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438, \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u0430\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0440 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430\u044d\u0434\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 SiO\u2084.<\/p>\n<p>\u041d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0443\u043c\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f. \u041a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044c, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044b\u0439 50 \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430, \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b 1180\u00b0C \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 4 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043f\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0436\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c 200-\u0447\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 - \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0443\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0417\u0430\u0433\u0440\u044f\u0437\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0443\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u0417\u0430\u0433\u0440\u044f\u0437\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u043a\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0439.<\/strong> \u041e\u0442\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u044f\u0437\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 - \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043e\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0445\u043b\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043d\u0435\u0437\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u0434\u043e 900\u00b0C. \u042d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 200\u00b0C \u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u042d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 200\u00b0C \u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/p>\n<p>\u041c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u044f\u0437\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0441 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c - \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 - \u043e\u0442\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043e, \u0445\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0435\u043b\u044c. <strong>\u0411\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u044f\u0437\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e 5 ppm \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 80-120\u00b0C.<\/strong> \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442, \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0438\u0444\u0444\u0443\u0437\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0445, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0440\u043e\u043a \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0438.<\/p>\n<p>\u041e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u043c\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0430\u0442\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0435, \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044f \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0430\u0442 \u0433\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0412\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043d\u044f<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u0421\u0430\u043c\u044b\u043c \u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0432\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0443\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043d\u044f.<\/strong>\u041e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043e\u043d \u0432\u044b\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u044b\u043c\u043a\u0430, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435. \u042d\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0435\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e 1,49 - \u043d\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043d\u0435\u0437\u0435\u043c 1,46. \u041d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0435\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432.<\/p>\n<p>As devitrification advances, the surface develops a characteristic <strong>white, matte, frost-like texture<\/strong> that is readily distinguishable from the original transparent, fire-polished appearance. In cross-section, polarized light microscopy reveals the crystalline domains as birefringent regions against the optically isotropic amorphous matrix. The depth of the devitrified layer typically ranges from 10 \u03bcm in early-stage cases to several hundred micrometers in severely degraded specimens.<\/p>\n<p>Dimensionally, devitrified specimens may exhibit slight surface roughening detectable by profilometry, with average roughness (Ra) values increasing from typical as-fabricated values below 0.1 \u03bcm to 0.5\u20132.0 \u03bcm in moderate devitrification cases.<\/p>\n<h3>Degradation in Mechanical Strength and Optical Transmission After Devitrification<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Cristobalite undergoes a displacive phase transformation from \u03b2 to \u03b1 form at approximately 220\u00b0C upon cooling<\/strong>, accompanied by a volume contraction of approximately 2.8%. This contraction generates tensile microstresses at the boundary between the devitrified surface layer and the underlying amorphous core. These stresses act as pre-existing crack initiators, reducing the effective modulus of rupture of the rod by 30% to 60% depending on the depth of the devitrified layer.<\/p>\n<p>In optical applications, the consequences are equally severe. <strong>The transmission of fused quartz in the ultraviolet range (200\u2013300 nm) decreases by 15% to 40% per millimeter of devitrified surface layer thickness<\/strong>, rendering UV-grade components unsuitable for precision optical applications after even moderate crystallization. For infrared applications, scattering losses in the 3\u20135 \u03bcm range increase proportionally with crystalline domain size.<\/p>\n<p>Structurally, the combination of surface microstresses and reduced fracture toughness means that a devitrified quartz rod is significantly more susceptible to fracture under thermal cycling \u2014 the very conditions responsible for its degradation in the first place \u2014 creating a self-accelerating failure mechanism.<\/p>\n<h4>Devitrification Onset Conditions for Fused Quartz Rods<\/h4>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0421\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/th>\n<th>Onset Temperature (\u00b0C)<\/th>\n<th>Time to Visible Crystallization (hrs)<\/th>\n<th>Primary Catalyst<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Clean, uncontaminated<\/td>\n<td>1150\u20131200<\/td>\n<td>80-150<\/td>\n<td>Thermal energy alone<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Fingerprint contamination<\/td>\n<td>900\u2013950<\/td>\n<td>10\u201330<\/td>\n<td>Na, K, Cl ions<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Iron tool contact (5 ppm Fe)<\/td>\n<td>1030\u20131070<\/td>\n<td>20\u201350<\/td>\n<td>Fe as nucleation catalyst<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Alkali metal exposure (1 ppm Na)<\/td>\n<td>950\u20131000<\/td>\n<td>5-15<\/td>\n<td>Network modification<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>OH-rich surface (&gt;500 ppm)<\/td>\n<td>1100\u20131130<\/td>\n<td>50-100<\/td>\n<td>Silanol group mobility<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<hr \/>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Transparent-Quartz-Rod-for-Precision-High-Temperature-Material-Specification.webp\" alt=\"Transparent Quartz Rod for Precision High-Temperature Material Specification\" title=\"Transparent Quartz Rod for Precision High-Temperature Material Specification\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>Thermal Stress and Fracture Behavior in Quartz Rod Service<\/h2>\n<p>Parallel to the chemical degradation pathway represented by devitrification, mechanical failure through thermally induced stress constitutes an equally significant \u2014 and often more abrupt \u2014 mode of quartz rod destruction. Unlike devitrification, thermal fracture can occur on the first heating cycle if temperature gradients or geometry variables exceed critical thresholds.<\/p>\n<h3>Thermal Gradient Formation Along a Quartz Rod Under Localized Heating<\/h3>\n<p><strong>When heat is applied to one section of a quartz rod while adjacent regions remain at lower temperatures, a thermal gradient is established that generates differential expansion strains throughout the material.<\/strong> For a rod with a diameter of 10 mm and a thermal conductivity of 1.38 W\/m\u00b7K, a localized heating rate of 20\u00b0C\/min applied over a 50 mm zone produces radial temperature differentials of 15\u00b0C to 25\u00b0C between the rod surface and its central axis. While the low CTE of fused quartz mitigates the resulting stress, sustained gradients above 50\u00b0C over short axial distances can generate tensile stresses approaching the material's fracture threshold.<\/p>\n<p>Finite element analyses of diffusion tube assemblies have demonstrated that <strong>temperature gradients exceeding 3\u00b0C\/mm along the axial direction of a quartz rod generate stress concentrations at geometric discontinuities<\/strong> \u2014 end faces, diameter transitions, and support contact points \u2014 that can exceed 40 MPa, approaching the lower bound of reported tensile strength values. This behavior is especially pronounced in rods with wall thickness below 3 mm, where heat accumulation at the surface relative to the core is faster.<\/p>\n<p>The thermal gradient problem is compounded in multi-zone furnace configurations, where the boundaries between heated and unheated zones impose sharp axial temperature transitions on any rod spanning multiple zones.<\/p>\n<h3>Rapid Temperature Cycling and Its Effect on Crack Propagation<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Repeated thermal cycling \u2014 even within temperature bounds that would individually cause no detectable damage \u2014 progressively extends pre-existing surface microcracks through a fatigue mechanism analogous to cyclic mechanical loading.<\/strong> Each heating and cooling cycle generates a stress pulse at crack tips, and the stress intensity factor at these tips accumulates incrementally with each cycle. For surface cracks of initial depth 10 \u03bcm \u2014 typical of as-received fire-polished quartz surfaces \u2014 fracture mechanics modeling indicates that <strong>1000 thermal cycles between 25\u00b0C and 900\u00b0C can extend crack depth to 25\u201340 \u03bcm<\/strong>, reducing residual strength by 20\u201335%.<\/p>\n<p>The cooling phase of each cycle is generally more damaging than the heating phase because the outer surface cools and contracts faster than the interior, placing the surface in tension while the core remains in compression. <strong>Cooling rates above 5\u00b0C\/min for rods with diameters exceeding 15 mm consistently produce surface tensile stresses above 20 MPa<\/strong> in the first few millimeters of depth, a threshold sufficient to propagate pre-existing cracks in specimens with accumulated fatigue damage.<\/p>\n<p>In semiconductor furnace applications, where quartz diffusion tubes and support rods may undergo 500 to 2000 thermal cycles over their service lifetime, this fatigue mechanism is the dominant cause of sudden fracture \u2014 often occurring without any preceding visual warning.<\/p>\n<h3>Geometry Variables \u2014 Diameter and Wall Thickness as Stress Tolerance Factors<\/h3>\n<p><strong>The geometry of a quartz rod exerts a direct and quantifiable influence on its resistance to thermally induced stress.<\/strong> For solid rods, stress resistance scales inversely with diameter: a rod of 5 mm diameter can tolerate thermal gradients approximately 3 times greater than a rod of 25 mm diameter before reaching equivalent stress levels, because the absolute temperature difference between core and surface decreases with cross-sectional area. Manufacturer data consistently shows that <strong>rods with diameters below 8 mm can be heated at rates of up to 15\u00b0C\/min without generating stress concentrations above 15 MPa<\/strong>, while rods exceeding 20 mm diameter require heating rates below 5\u00b0C\/min for equivalent stress levels.<\/p>\n<p>For hollow quartz tubes used as rod-like structural elements, wall thickness determines both the thermal gradient across the wall and the moment of inertia available to resist bending. Walls thinner than 2 mm heat and cool so rapidly that gradient-induced stresses are minimal, but they offer virtually no resistance to mechanical loads at elevated temperatures where creep is active. <strong>Walls between 3 mm and 6 mm represent the optimal range<\/strong> for most high-temperature structural applications, balancing thermal gradient management against mechanical load capacity.<\/p>\n<p>Tapered or stepped diameter transitions along a rod's length create stress concentration factors of 1.5 to 2.5 times the nominal thermal stress \u2014 a geometric amplification that must be accounted for in any precision thermal application.<\/p>\n<h4>Thermal Stress Parameters for Fused Quartz Rods by Diameter<\/h4>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Rod Diameter (mm)<\/th>\n<th>\u041c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430 (\u00b0C\/\u043c\u0438\u043d)<\/th>\n<th>Max Safe Cooling Rate (\u00b0C\/min)<\/th>\n<th>Estimated Max Thermal Gradient (\u00b0C\/mm)<\/th>\n<th>Fracture Risk Level<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>&lt; 5<\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<td>15<\/td>\n<td>8<\/td>\n<td>\u041d\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0438\u0439<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>5-10<\/td>\n<td>15<\/td>\n<td>10<\/td>\n<td>5<\/td>\n<td>\u041d\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0438\u0439-\u0443\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>10-20<\/td>\n<td>8<\/td>\n<td>5<\/td>\n<td>3<\/td>\n<td>\u0423\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>20-40<\/td>\n<td>4<\/td>\n<td>3<\/td>\n<td>1.5<\/td>\n<td>\u0412\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0439<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&gt; 40<\/td>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td>1.5<\/td>\n<td>0.8<\/td>\n<td>\u041e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0439<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Fused Quartz and Fused Silica Exhibit Different Thermal Ceilings<\/h2>\n<p>Ambiguity between &quot;fused quartz&quot; and &quot;fused silica&quot; is one of the most persistent sources of specification error in high-temperature material procurement, and the consequences of this confusion are directly visible in thermal performance data.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Fused quartz<\/strong> is produced by melting naturally occurring quartz crystal (SiO\u2082 with typical purity of 99.9\u201399.99%) in electric or flame fusion processes. The resulting material contains between 150 and 400 ppm hydroxyl (OH) groups and trace metallic impurities at levels of 1\u201320 ppm. Its continuous use temperature is approximately <strong>1050\u00b0C to 1100\u00b0C<\/strong>, and devitrification onset occurs near 1150\u00b0C under sustained heating.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Fused silica (synthetic)<\/strong> is manufactured from high-purity silicon tetrachloride (SiCl\u2084) or silane precursors via <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/230424664_Flame_Hydrolysis\">\u043f\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0433\u0438\u0434\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0437<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:2\"><a href=\"#fn:2\" class=\"footnote-ref\">2<\/a><\/sup> or plasma deposition, yielding material with purity exceeding 99.999% SiO\u2082. Depending on the manufacturing route, OH content ranges from below 1 ppm (Type III, IV) to above 1000 ppm (Type II). <strong>High-purity, low-OH fused silica grades resist devitrification up to approximately 1200\u00b0C<\/strong> and maintain superior dimensional stability above 1100\u00b0C. The continuous service temperature for premium grades is therefore approximately 50\u00b0C to 100\u00b0C higher than standard fused quartz.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The distinction matters most in semiconductor and optical fiber applications, where operating temperatures frequently push against the 1100\u00b0C ceiling and the choice of material grade directly determines component service life. Specifying &quot;quartz rod&quot; generically without declaring the required material grade risks procurement of standard fused quartz in applications that technically require synthetic fused silica.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Industrial-Grade-Quartz-Rod-for-Manufacturing-Facility-Storage-and-Preparation.webp\" alt=\"Industrial-Grade Quartz Rod for Manufacturing Facility Storage and Preparation\" title=\"Industrial-Grade Quartz Rod for Manufacturing Facility Storage and Preparation\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>Purity Levels and Their Bearing on Quartz Rod Thermal Ceilings<\/h2>\n<p>Beyond the broad fused quartz versus fused silica classification, the specific impurity profile of a given material lot quantitatively shifts the thermal performance boundaries in ways that are predictable and measurable.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0421\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0438\u0434\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0430 (OH)<\/strong> is the most influential single impurity variable. High OH content (above 800 ppm) lowers the softening point by approximately 30\u00b0C to 50\u00b0C relative to OH-free material, because silanol groups interrupt the continuity of the SiO\u2082 network and reduce average network connectivity. Conversely, very low OH content (below 10 ppm) can improve resistance to viscous deformation at temperatures above 1200\u00b0C but may introduce susceptibility to radiation-induced compaction in UV applications.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Alkali metal impurities<\/strong> \u2014 primarily sodium (Na), potassium (K), and lithium (Li) \u2014 act as network modifiers at concentrations as low as 0.1 ppm, creating non-bridging oxygen sites that increase ionic mobility and accelerate devitrification kinetics. <strong>Each 1 ppm increment of sodium reduces the effective devitrification onset temperature by approximately 15\u00b0C to 25\u00b0C.<\/strong> Materials destined for high-temperature service should have total alkali content below 0.2 ppm.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Transition metal impurities<\/strong> \u2014 iron, titanium, and chromium \u2014 absorb infrared radiation more strongly than the surrounding silica matrix, creating localized hot spots during radiative heating. Iron concentrations above 3 ppm have been measured to increase local surface temperatures by 40\u00b0C to 80\u00b0C above the bulk temperature in infrared-heated furnace environments, effectively lowering the practical thermal ceiling without any change in the nominal material specification. For applications at temperatures above 900\u00b0C, total transition metal content should remain below 1 ppm.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Purity certificates provided with each material lot should be evaluated against these benchmarks before thermal performance claims are accepted at face value.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Atmospheric Conditions Altering the Thermal Performance of Quartz Rods<\/h2>\n<p>The gas environment surrounding a quartz rod during high-temperature service is not thermally neutral \u2014 it interacts chemically and physically with the silica surface in ways that modify both the effective service temperature and the degradation kinetics.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Vacuum environments<\/strong> suppress oxidative surface reactions and eliminate the supply of water vapor \u2014 a known accelerant for surface <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/agricultural-and-biological-sciences\/hydroxylation\">hydroxylation<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:3\"><a href=\"#fn:3\" class=\"footnote-ref\">3<\/a><\/sup> and devitrification. In vacuum conditions above 10\u207b\u00b3 Pa, <strong>the onset of surface crystallization is shifted upward by approximately 50\u00b0C to 80\u00b0C<\/strong> relative to ambient atmosphere, extending effective service life at temperatures near the continuous use ceiling. However, vacuum service above 1200\u00b0C promotes SiO evaporation from the rod surface at a rate of approximately 0.1 \u03bcm\/hour, leading to gradual mass loss and surface roughening over extended service periods.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Inert gas atmospheres<\/strong> (argon, helium, nitrogen) largely replicate the vacuum effect on devitrification suppression while eliminating evaporative mass loss. Nitrogen atmospheres below 1300\u00b0C are generally safe; above 1300\u00b0C, partial nitridation of the silica surface has been reported in high-purity nitrogen, forming trace silicon nitride domains that alter local thermal properties.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Oxidizing atmospheres<\/strong> (air, oxygen-enriched environments) promote surface oxidation of any reduced silicon species but generally have minimal impact on stoichiometric fused quartz below 1200\u00b0C. Above this threshold, oxygen partial pressure influences the equilibrium between surface SiO\u2082 and volatile SiO, with higher oxygen pressures suppressing evaporation.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Humid and steam atmospheres<\/strong> are among the most aggressive environments for quartz rods. Water vapor hydroxylates the silica surface, <strong>increasing surface OH concentration and accelerating devitrification onset by 100\u00b0C to 150\u00b0C<\/strong> compared to dry atmospheres. Steam environments above 900\u00b0C should be avoided entirely in long-duration service.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0420\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0446\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u0442\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u044b<\/strong> (hydrogen, forming gas) at temperatures above 900\u00b0C can partially reduce surface SiO\u2082 to SiO, creating a slightly darkened, substoichiometric surface layer with altered optical and mechanical properties. Hydrogen partial pressures above 10 kPa at 1000\u00b0C produce measurable surface reduction within 50 hours of exposure.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Temperature Ranges for Quartz Rods Across Major Industrial Applications<\/h2>\n<p>Across the industries that rely most heavily on fused quartz components, the thermal demands imposed on rods and tubes span a wide range \u2014 and each sector operates with characteristic temperature profiles, cycle frequencies, and atmospheric conditions that interact with the material's thermal limits in sector-specific ways.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Semiconductor diffusion and oxidation furnaces<\/strong> represent the most thermally demanding routine application. Quartz boats, tubes, and support rods in these systems operate continuously between 900\u00b0C and 1150\u00b0C, with the upper end of this range pushing directly against the devitrification ceiling. Cycle counts in high-volume fabs can reach 2000 to 3000 thermal cycles per year, making thermal fatigue the primary life-limiting mechanism rather than single-event overtemperature.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>UV lamp and germicidal irradiation systems<\/strong> operate at envelope temperatures between 600\u00b0C and 900\u00b0C \u2014 well within the safe continuous service range \u2014 but the optical demands of these applications mean that even subcritical devitrification, caused by contamination rather than overtemperature, renders components non-functional before any mechanical failure occurs.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Laboratory tube furnaces and high-temperature reaction vessels<\/strong> typically operate in the 800\u00b0C to 1100\u00b0C range. In research settings, thermal protocols are frequently irregular and heating rates are often applied without strict rate control, making thermal shock a more common failure mode than in industrial settings with automated temperature programs.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Optical fiber preform fabrication<\/strong> uses fused silica rods and mandrels at temperatures between 1400\u00b0C and 1800\u00b0C during collapse and draw operations. At these temperatures, the material is deliberately operated above the continuous service ceiling for controlled short durations, relying on the absence of sustained mechanical load and the protective effect of high-purity inert gas atmospheres to prevent devitrification and evaporative mass loss.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Infrared heating elements and radiant tubes<\/strong> in industrial furnaces operate between 700\u00b0C and 1050\u00b0C. The primary thermal concern in these applications is localized overheating at electrical connection points, where contact resistance generates hot spots that can exceed the bulk operating temperature by 100\u00b0C to 200\u00b0C.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Optical-Grade-Quartz-Rod-for-Technical-Product-Documentation-and-Material-Reference.webp\" alt=\"Optical-Grade Quartz Rod for Technical Product Documentation and Material Reference\" title=\"Optical-Grade Quartz Rod for Technical Product Documentation and Material Reference\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>Thermal Handling Precautions Essential for Quartz Rods in Operation<\/h2>\n<p>Bridging the gap between understanding temperature limits in theory and applying them correctly in practice, the precautions governing physical handling and thermal management of quartz rods are the most direct levers available to extend service life. Failures attributable to handling errors account for a disproportionate share of premature quartz component replacements in both industrial and laboratory settings.<\/p>\n<h3>Controlled Heating and Cooling Rates to Avoid Thermal Shock<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Heating and cooling rate control is the most immediately effective means of preventing thermal shock fracture in quartz rods.<\/strong> For rods with diameters between 10 mm and 20 mm, a maximum heating rate of 5\u00b0C to 8\u00b0C per minute is recommended for the temperature range between ambient and 600\u00b0C, where thermal gradients between surface and core are largest relative to the material's thermal conductivity. Above 600\u00b0C, where radiative heat transfer becomes increasingly dominant and more uniform, heating rates up to 10\u00b0C\/min are generally tolerable for this diameter range.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The cooling phase demands equal or greater rate control than heating.<\/strong> Rapid quenching from operating temperature \u2014 even from 800\u00b0C \u2014 generates tensile stresses on the outer surface of a rod as it contracts ahead of the still-hot interior. For rods that have accumulated surface microcracks through prior cycling, <strong>cooling rates above 8\u00b0C\/min from temperatures above 700\u00b0C have been associated with spontaneous fracture rates of 15% to 25% per cycle<\/strong> in documented process equipment maintenance records.<\/p>\n<p>Pre-heating quartz rods before insertion into a hot furnace environment \u2014 to at least 300\u00b0C above ambient \u2014 significantly reduces the thermal shock impulse experienced during the first few minutes of insertion, particularly when furnace operating temperatures exceed 900\u00b0C.<\/p>\n<h3>Hand Contact Contamination and Its Accelerating Effect on Surface Devitrification<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Direct skin contact with quartz rod surfaces during handling is one of the most preventable causes of accelerated devitrification in laboratory and production environments.<\/strong> Human perspiration deposits sodium at approximately 0.1 to 1 \u03bcg\/cm\u00b2 per contact event \u2014 a quantity sufficient to catalyze surface crystallization at temperatures 150\u00b0C to 200\u00b0C below the clean-surface devitrification onset. In cleanroom semiconductor environments, this contamination mechanism has been quantified to reduce quartz component service life by 40% to 60% when standard cleanroom gloves are not used consistently.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Handling should be performed exclusively with clean cotton or lint-free nitrile gloves<\/strong>, and contact should be limited to the cooler end sections of rods whenever possible. After any inadvertent skin contact, the affected surface should be cleaned with semiconductor-grade isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and allowed to dry completely before any thermal exposure. Failure to perform this cleaning step allows the deposited contaminants to bond covalently to the silica surface during the first heating cycle, after which removal without abrasive treatment is practically impossible.<\/p>\n<p>Even gloved handling introduces contamination if the gloves themselves have been exposed to metallic tools, lubricants, or organic solvents \u2014 reinforcing the importance of maintaining dedicated, clean handling equipment for quartz components.<\/p>\n<h3>Mechanical Support Placement at Elevated Operating Temperatures<\/h3>\n<p><strong>The placement and geometry of mechanical support structures for quartz rods at elevated temperatures are critical determinants of stress distribution and creep deformation patterns.<\/strong> At temperatures above 900\u00b0C, the viscosity of fused quartz is low enough that a horizontally oriented rod of 10 mm diameter and 500 mm length, supported only at its ends, will exhibit measurable mid-span sag within 200 hours \u2014 a deflection that permanently compromises the rod's dimensional suitability and concentrates stress at the support contact points.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Support intervals should not exceed 200 mm for rods with diameters below 10 mm operating above 1000\u00b0C<\/strong>, and contact points should be distributed over the largest practicable area to minimize stress concentration. Point contacts \u2014 such as those created by knife-edge ceramic supports \u2014 generate contact pressures that can locally exceed the material's compressive yield stress at high temperature, embedding the support into the rod surface and creating a stress concentration site that initiates cracking during subsequent cooling.<\/p>\n<p>Support materials must be chemically compatible with fused quartz \u2014 high-purity alumina or platinum-group metals are preferred. Silicon carbide supports, despite their mechanical advantages, introduce trace carbon and silicon contamination at contact surfaces above 1000\u00b0C.<\/p>\n<h4>Thermal Handling Precautions Summary for Quartz Rods<\/h4>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Handling Parameter<\/th>\n<th>\u0420\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0435\u043c\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430<\/th>\n<th>Risk of Non-Compliance<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Heating rate (dia. 10\u201320 mm)<\/td>\n<td>\u2264 8\u00b0C\/min below 600\u00b0C<\/td>\n<td>Thermal shock fracture<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Cooling rate (dia. 10\u201320 mm)<\/td>\n<td>\u2264 5\u00b0C\/min from &gt; 700\u00b0C<\/td>\n<td>Surface tensile cracking<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Glove type<\/td>\n<td>Clean cotton or nitrile<\/td>\n<td>Devitrification acceleration<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Post-contact cleaning<\/td>\n<td>IPA wipe before heating<\/td>\n<td>Catalytic crystallization onset<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Max support span (dia. &lt; 10 mm, &gt;1000\u00b0C)<\/td>\n<td>\u2264 200 mm<\/td>\n<td>Permanent creep sagging<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Support material<\/td>\n<td>High-purity alumina or platinum<\/td>\n<td>Surface contamination and cracking<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Pre-heating before furnace insertion<\/td>\n<td>\u2265 300\u00b0C above ambient<\/td>\n<td>Thermal shock at insertion<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Service Longevity of Quartz Rods Under Sustained High-Temperature Load<\/h2>\n<p>For any sustained high-temperature deployment, service life is a function of how closely operational conditions approach the material's thermal limits \u2014 and how rigorously handling and atmospheric conditions are controlled.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Operating temperature relative to the 1100\u00b0C ceiling<\/strong> is the dominant life-limiting variable. A quartz rod operating at 950\u00b0C in a clean, dry inert atmosphere can realistically achieve service lives of 18 to 36 months under continuous operation. The same rod operated at 1080\u00b0C under identical atmospheric and handling conditions may experience devitrification-related optical or mechanical degradation within 3 to 6 months.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Thermal cycle count<\/strong> exerts a secondary but significant influence. Rods subjected to 500 or more thermal cycles between ambient and operating temperature accumulate enough surface crack extension to reduce effective fracture strength by 20% to 40%, even without any single overtemperature event. High-cycle applications \u2014 such as batch furnace processing in semiconductor manufacturing \u2014 should therefore schedule preventive replacement at defined cycle intervals rather than waiting for visible damage.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Atmospheric and contamination management<\/strong> can extend or contract service life by a factor of 2 to 4 independently of temperature. Rods maintained in clean, dry inert gas environments with strict handling protocols consistently outlast identically rated components used in humid air with uncontrolled handling by substantial margins in side-by-side industrial comparisons.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Geometry and load configuration<\/strong> determine whether creep deformation or contact-point stress concentration becomes the primary end-of-life mechanism at temperatures above 900\u00b0C. Rods with diameters above 20 mm in horizontal configurations typically show creep-induced dimensional non-conformance before surface devitrification becomes visually apparent, reversing the failure mode sequence seen in smaller-diameter components.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Periodic inspection \u2014 combining visual assessment for surface opacity changes with dimensional gauging for creep-induced sag \u2014 is the most reliable method for predicting remaining service life before catastrophic failure occurs.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/h2>\n<p>The thermal performance of fused quartz rods is bounded by two distinct limits: the 1100\u00b0C continuous service ceiling, governed by devitrification kinetics and viscous creep, and the 1650\u00b0C short-term maximum, defined by the material's softening point. Exceeding either limit \u2014 even briefly and repeatedly \u2014 initiates progressive material degradation through cristobalite crystallization, thermal fatigue cracking, or creep deformation. Purity grade, atmospheric environment, contamination management, and support geometry each modify these limits significantly. Reliable long-term performance requires treating every one of these variables as a precision engineering parameter rather than a background consideration.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u0427\u0410\u0421\u0422\u041e \u0417\u0410\u0414\u0410\u0412\u0410\u0415\u041c\u042b\u0415 \u0412\u041e\u041f\u0420\u041e\u0421\u042b<\/h2>\n<p><strong>What is the maximum continuous operating temperature for a fused quartz rod?<\/strong><br \/>\nThe maximum continuous operating temperature for a standard fused quartz rod is approximately 1100\u00b0C. Above this value, devitrification kinetics and viscous creep accumulate at rates that compromise structural and optical performance over practical service durations.<\/p>\n<p><strong>What causes devitrification in quartz rods, and can it be reversed?<\/strong><br \/>\nDevitrification is caused by thermally activated crystallization of amorphous SiO\u2082 into cristobalite, accelerated by surface contamination from alkali metals, fingerprints, or metallic tool contact. Once cristobalite domains form, the transformation is irreversible under normal operating conditions \u2014 no practical thermal treatment below the softening point can restore the original amorphous structure.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Does the atmosphere surrounding a quartz rod affect its thermal limits?<\/strong><br \/>\nAtmospheric conditions significantly influence effective thermal performance. Vacuum and inert gas environments suppress devitrification onset by 50\u00b0C to 80\u00b0C relative to ambient air, while humid or steam atmospheres accelerate crystallization onset by 100\u00b0C to 150\u00b0C. Reducing atmospheres above 900\u00b0C can partially reduce the silica surface, altering optical and mechanical properties.<\/p>\n<p><strong>How should quartz rods be handled to prevent premature thermal degradation?<\/strong><br \/>\nQuartz rods should always be handled with clean cotton or nitrile gloves to prevent skin-contact contamination, which can reduce devitrification onset temperature by 150\u00b0C to 200\u00b0C. Heating and cooling rates should be limited to 5\u00b0C to 8\u00b0C per minute for rods between 10 mm and 20 mm in diameter, and mechanical supports should be spaced no more than 200 mm apart for small-diameter rods operating above 1000\u00b0C.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>\u0421\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438:<\/p>\n<div class=\"footnotes\">\n<hr \/>\n<ol>\n<li id=\"fn:1\">\n<p>SiO\u2084 tetrahedra are the fundamental structural units of all silica-based materials, and their network connectivity determines the thermal and mechanical stability of fused quartz.&#160;<a href=\"#fnref1:1\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">&#8617;<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:2\">\n<p>Flame hydrolysis is a vapor-phase synthesis process used to produce high-purity synthetic fused silica, yielding material with significantly lower metallic impurity levels than naturally sourced fused quartz.&#160;<a href=\"#fnref1:2\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">&#8617;<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:3\">\n<p>Hydroxylation is the chemical process by which hydroxyl groups are introduced onto a silica surface through reaction with water vapor, accelerating devitrification onset in humid or steam-rich atmospheres.&#160;<a href=\"#fnref1:3\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">&#8617;<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Quartz rods fail silently \u2014 and temperature is almost always the reason. Knowing the precise thermal limits prevents irreversible material [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":11219,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"default","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[78],"class_list":["post-11217","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blogs","tag-quartz-rod"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.4 (Yoast SEO v27.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>What Is the Maximum Operating Temperature of Quartz Rods? | TOQUARTZ\u00ae<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A quartz rod has two distinct thermal limits \u2014 1100\u00b0C for continuous service and 1650\u00b0C short-term. Find out what drives these boundaries and what happens when they are exceeded.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/ru\/quartz-rod-maximum-operating-temperature-1100c-vs-1650c\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ru_RU\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Quartz Rod Maximum Operating Temperature: 1100\u00b0C vs 1650\u00b0C\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A quartz rod has two distinct thermal limits \u2014 1100\u00b0C for continuous service and 1650\u00b0C short-term. Find out what drives these boundaries and what happens when they are exceeded.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/ru\/quartz-rod-maximum-operating-temperature-1100c-vs-1650c\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"TOQUARTZ: Quartz Glass Solution\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-05-03T18:00:21+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/What-Is-the-Maximum-Operating-Temperature-of-Quartz-Rods.webp\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"900\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"600\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/webp\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"ECHO\u00a0YANG\u200b\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u041d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"ECHO\u00a0YANG\u200b\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"1 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0430\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/toquartz.com\\\/quartz-rod-maximum-operating-temperature-1100c-vs-1650c\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/toquartz.com\\\/quartz-rod-maximum-operating-temperature-1100c-vs-1650c\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"ECHO\u00a0YANG\u200b\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/toquartz.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/64de60160e69ad73646f68c4a56a90d3\"},\"headline\":\"Quartz Rod Maximum Operating Temperature: 1100\u00b0C vs 1650\u00b0C\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-05-03T18:00:21+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/toquartz.com\\\/quartz-rod-maximum-operating-temperature-1100c-vs-1650c\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":5704,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/toquartz.com\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/toquartz.com\\\/quartz-rod-maximum-operating-temperature-1100c-vs-1650c\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/toquartz.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/02\\\/What-Is-the-Maximum-Operating-Temperature-of-Quartz-Rods.webp\",\"keywords\":[\"quartz rod\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Blogs\"],\"inLanguage\":\"ru-RU\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/toquartz.com\\\/quartz-rod-maximum-operating-temperature-1100c-vs-1650c\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/toquartz.com\\\/quartz-rod-maximum-operating-temperature-1100c-vs-1650c\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/toquartz.com\\\/quartz-rod-maximum-operating-temperature-1100c-vs-1650c\\\/\",\"name\":\"What Is the Maximum Operating Temperature of Quartz Rods? | TOQUARTZ\u00ae\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/toquartz.com\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/toquartz.com\\\/quartz-rod-maximum-operating-temperature-1100c-vs-1650c\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/toquartz.com\\\/quartz-rod-maximum-operating-temperature-1100c-vs-1650c\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/toquartz.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/02\\\/What-Is-the-Maximum-Operating-Temperature-of-Quartz-Rods.webp\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-05-03T18:00:21+00:00\",\"description\":\"A quartz rod has two distinct thermal limits \u2014 1100\u00b0C for continuous service and 1650\u00b0C short-term. Find out what drives these boundaries and what happens when they are exceeded.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/toquartz.com\\\/quartz-rod-maximum-operating-temperature-1100c-vs-1650c\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"ru-RU\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/toquartz.com\\\/quartz-rod-maximum-operating-temperature-1100c-vs-1650c\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"ru-RU\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/toquartz.com\\\/quartz-rod-maximum-operating-temperature-1100c-vs-1650c\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/toquartz.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/02\\\/What-Is-the-Maximum-Operating-Temperature-of-Quartz-Rods.webp\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/toquartz.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/02\\\/What-Is-the-Maximum-Operating-Temperature-of-Quartz-Rods.webp\",\"width\":900,\"height\":600,\"caption\":\"What Is the Maximum Operating Temperature of Quartz Rods\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/toquartz.com\\\/quartz-rod-maximum-operating-temperature-1100c-vs-1650c\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/toquartz.com\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Blogs\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/toquartz.com\\\/blogs\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Quartz Rod Maximum Operating Temperature: 1100\u00b0C vs 1650\u00b0C\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/toquartz.com\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/toquartz.com\\\/\",\"name\":\"TOQUARTZ\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/toquartz.com\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/toquartz.com\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"ru-RU\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/toquartz.com\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"TOQUARTZ\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/toquartz.com\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"ru-RU\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/toquartz.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/toquartz.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/02\\\/logo-2.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/toquartz.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/02\\\/logo-2.png\",\"width\":583,\"height\":151,\"caption\":\"TOQUARTZ\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/toquartz.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"}},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/toquartz.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/64de60160e69ad73646f68c4a56a90d3\",\"name\":\"ECHO\u00a0YANG\u200b\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/toquartz.com\\\/ru\\\/author\\\/webadmin\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"\u041a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0439? | TOQUARTZ\u00ae","description":"\u041a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 - 1100\u00b0C \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0440\u044b\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0438 1650\u00b0C \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439. \u0423\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044b \u0438 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/ru\/quartz-rod-maximum-operating-temperature-1100c-vs-1650c\/","og_locale":"ru_RU","og_type":"article","og_title":"Quartz Rod Maximum Operating Temperature: 1100\u00b0C vs 1650\u00b0C","og_description":"A quartz rod has two distinct thermal limits \u2014 1100\u00b0C for continuous service and 1650\u00b0C short-term. Find out what drives these boundaries and what happens when they are exceeded.","og_url":"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/ru\/quartz-rod-maximum-operating-temperature-1100c-vs-1650c\/","og_site_name":"TOQUARTZ: Quartz Glass Solution","article_published_time":"2026-05-03T18:00:21+00:00","og_image":[{"width":900,"height":600,"url":"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/What-Is-the-Maximum-Operating-Temperature-of-Quartz-Rods.webp","type":"image\/webp"}],"author":"ECHO\u00a0YANG\u200b","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"\u041d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c":"ECHO\u00a0YANG\u200b","\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f":"1 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0430"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/quartz-rod-maximum-operating-temperature-1100c-vs-1650c\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/quartz-rod-maximum-operating-temperature-1100c-vs-1650c\/"},"author":{"name":"ECHO\u00a0YANG\u200b","@id":"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/#\/schema\/person\/64de60160e69ad73646f68c4a56a90d3"},"headline":"Quartz Rod Maximum Operating Temperature: 1100\u00b0C vs 1650\u00b0C","datePublished":"2026-05-03T18:00:21+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/quartz-rod-maximum-operating-temperature-1100c-vs-1650c\/"},"wordCount":5704,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/quartz-rod-maximum-operating-temperature-1100c-vs-1650c\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/What-Is-the-Maximum-Operating-Temperature-of-Quartz-Rods.webp","keywords":["quartz rod"],"articleSection":["Blogs"],"inLanguage":"ru-RU","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/toquartz.com\/quartz-rod-maximum-operating-temperature-1100c-vs-1650c\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/quartz-rod-maximum-operating-temperature-1100c-vs-1650c\/","url":"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/quartz-rod-maximum-operating-temperature-1100c-vs-1650c\/","name":"\u041a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0439? | TOQUARTZ\u00ae","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/quartz-rod-maximum-operating-temperature-1100c-vs-1650c\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/quartz-rod-maximum-operating-temperature-1100c-vs-1650c\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/What-Is-the-Maximum-Operating-Temperature-of-Quartz-Rods.webp","datePublished":"2026-05-03T18:00:21+00:00","description":"\u041a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 - 1100\u00b0C \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0440\u044b\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0438 1650\u00b0C \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439. \u0423\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044b \u0438 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/quartz-rod-maximum-operating-temperature-1100c-vs-1650c\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"ru-RU","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/toquartz.com\/quartz-rod-maximum-operating-temperature-1100c-vs-1650c\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"ru-RU","@id":"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/quartz-rod-maximum-operating-temperature-1100c-vs-1650c\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/What-Is-the-Maximum-Operating-Temperature-of-Quartz-Rods.webp","contentUrl":"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/What-Is-the-Maximum-Operating-Temperature-of-Quartz-Rods.webp","width":900,"height":600,"caption":"What Is the Maximum Operating Temperature of Quartz Rods"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/quartz-rod-maximum-operating-temperature-1100c-vs-1650c\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Blogs","item":"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/blogs\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Quartz Rod Maximum Operating Temperature: 1100\u00b0C vs 1650\u00b0C"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/#website","url":"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/","name":"TOQUARTZ","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"ru-RU"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/#organization","name":"TOQUARTZ","url":"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"ru-RU","@id":"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/logo-2.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/logo-2.png","width":583,"height":151,"caption":"TOQUARTZ"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/#\/schema\/person\/64de60160e69ad73646f68c4a56a90d3","name":"\u042d\u0425\u041e \u042f\u041d\u0413","url":"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/ru\/author\/webadmin\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11217","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11217"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11217\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11225,"href":"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11217\/revisions\/11225"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11219"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11217"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11217"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11217"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}