{"id":11247,"date":"2026-05-25T02:00:17","date_gmt":"2026-05-24T18:00:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/?p=11247"},"modified":"2026-02-26T17:13:43","modified_gmt":"2026-02-26T09:13:43","slug":"why-your-uv-photochemistry-fails-and-how-quartz-round-bottom-flasks-fix-it","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/toquartz.com\/ar\/why-your-uv-photochemistry-fails-and-how-quartz-round-bottom-flasks-fix-it\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u064a\u062d\u0628\u0637 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\u0648\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0629 (320-400 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0644\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0626\u0628\u0642 365 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064d \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0631 185 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0623\u0648 222 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/h4>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u064a (\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631)<\/th>\n<th>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 OH \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629<\/th>\n<th>\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0625\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0631 (ArF)<\/td>\n<td>193<\/td>\n<td>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0629)<\/td>\n<td>&gt; 85%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0632\u0626\u0628\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0626\u0628\u0642<\/td>\n<td>185 + 254<\/td>\n<td>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0629)<\/td>\n<td>&gt; 88% \u0639\u0646\u062f 254 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0626\u0628\u0642 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/td>\n<td>254-365<\/td>\n<td>\u064a\u064f\u0641\u0636\u064e\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u0648\u0647<\/td>\n<td>&gt; 90%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0629 - LED<\/td>\n<td>365-395<\/td>\n<td>\u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<td>&gt; 93%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0629 - LED<\/td>\n<td>310-320<\/td>\n<td>\u064a\u064f\u0641\u0636\u064e\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u0648\u0647<\/td>\n<td>&gt; 88%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062d\u0631\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 220 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u064a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0631-\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647<\/strong>:: \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u03b1 cm-\u00b9\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0645\u0643\u0647 d \u0645\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639 T = e^(-\u03b1d\/10). \u0639\u0646\u062f 185 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u060c \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 0.005-0.015 \u0633\u0645-\u00b9 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 OH \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0643 2.5 \u0645\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 96-99%. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0643 4 \u0645\u0645 - \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629 - \u064a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f 185 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 94-98%\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u062a\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0629 (320-400 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631)\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a (2-3 \u0645\u0645) \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 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\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0632\u0648\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0637\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c \u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0643 (HF) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0623\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632.<\/strong> \u062a\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 Si-O-Si \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nucleophilic_substitution\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:2\"><a href=\"#fn:2\" class=\"footnote-ref\">2<\/a><\/sup>\u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 SiF\u2084 \u0648 SiF\u2086\u00b2- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0630\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0646 HF \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0641\u0641 (1% v\/v) \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633. <strong>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 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\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 (PTFE\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646).<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0629 (NaOH \u0623\u0648 KOH \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 10% w\/v) \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0644\u0642 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0623\u0628\u0637\u0623 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a. <strong>\u0633\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0629 (&gt; 24 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 &gt; \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633<\/strong>\u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0632 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a 12\u061b \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/h4>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642<\/th>\n<th>\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632<\/td>\n<td>\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f<\/td>\n<td>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>THF<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632<\/td>\n<td>\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0639<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632 H\u2082SO\u2084SO\u2084<\/td>\n<td>\u062c\u064a\u062f<\/td>\n<td>&lt; 150\u00b0C<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0641\u0641 \/ 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\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 300-320 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0635 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a 280 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0639\u0646\u062f 254 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 1.0 \u0633\u0645-\u00b9. \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 0.001-0.003 \u0633\u0645-\u00b9 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 99.91 \u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a 3 \u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 2 \u0645\u0645. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0631\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634\u064a\u064b\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0632 \u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0642 \u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0632 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/strong><br \/>\n\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0641\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a 12 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0633\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0623\u0648 \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0642 10% w\/v \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0632 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062d\u0641\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0632\u061f<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0639\u0646\u062f 254 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 1.5 \u0645\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 3.0 \u0645\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 0.31 \u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064a\u062a 3 \u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064a\u062a - \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0629. \u0639\u0646\u062f 185 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 0.5-1.5% \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f 185-222 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u2264 1.5 \u0645\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639:<\/p>\n<div class=\"footnotes\">\n<hr \/>\n<ol>\n<li id=\"fn:1\">\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0632.<a href=\"#fnref1:1\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">&#8617;<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:2\">\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 Si-O-Si \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627.<a href=\"#fnref1:2\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">&#8617;<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:3\">\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0630\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0643\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0629.<a href=\"#fnref1:3\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">&#8617;<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Repeated UV photochemistry failures frustrate researchers\u2014yet the flask itself is rarely questioned. That oversight costs experiments. Selecting the wrong vessel 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